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Calving is a critical and demanding period in the life of a dairy cow. Many factors decide how smoothly a cow gets through this transition, such as calcium balance, energy balance and resistance. Good dry period management can make the difference here and lower the risk of problems such as milk fever and ketosis.
The role of calcium
After calving, cows’ calcium demand shoots up because milk production begins. If the body cannot meet this demand quickly, calcium shortages develop, showing as muscle weakness, reduced feed intake and a higher risk of secondary problems such as uterine infection. Cows with a stable calcium balance recover faster and get milk production going more quickly. Giving calcium around calving helps keep the calcium level up.
Negative energy balance: energy use versus intake
A negative energy balance (NEB) develops when a cow needs more energy for milk production than she takes in through feed. This forces the body to draw on fat reserves, which can lead to ketosis and liver problems. A balanced dry period ration, combined with energy-rich supplements such as propylene glycol after calving, can stimulate feed intake and restore the energy balance. This brings the cow back into balance sooner.
Oxidative stress: damage from free radicals
During calving a cow’s metabolism rises sharply, which increases the production of free radicals. If these are not neutralised enough by antioxidants such as vitamin E and selenium, oxidative stress develops. This can damage cells and tissues, weaken resistance and make inflammation worse. A ration rich in antioxidants helps limit this damage and supports faster recovery.
Balance in the dry period ration
The basis for a successful start of lactation lies in the dry period. In a good ration, grass silage, maize, straw and a mineral mix are carefully balanced. This makes sure the cows take in all essential nutrients, which raises their resistance and lowers the risk of problems around calving.
Conclusion: good management makes the difference
The difference between a cow that starts smoothly after calving and a cow that struggles is largely decided by a balance in calcium metabolism, immune function, antioxidants and energy management. Genetics play a part, but a large share of the success lies in good management. A balanced ration during the dry period, less stress and preventive measures against conditions such as milk fever and ketosis are essential. This raises milk production, and also the welfare and lifespan of the dairy cows.
